Poonam,
Assistant Professor
Department of History
Tikaram P.G. College, Sonepat
(Haryana)
Abstract: The revolt of 1857, always gives
birth to two pertinent questions - whether it is a nationalist war or a mutiny
of sepoys. The latter’s participation in the revolt is due to the discontent
regarding the introduction of Enfield Rifle and some social and economic
reforms introduced by the British Government. The Common people also showed
their remarkable involvement into the revolt because of which it gradually
turned in to nationalist movement.
Keyword: Revolt, Sepoy
Mutiny, The First War of Independence, British Government, Class, Colonialist.
Introduction: A revolt
broke out in Meerut against the East India Company, the British felt the danger
and took necessary steps to curb it. The army was reorganized, the financial
system was changed and finally the British Crown was called up to exercise
direct control over the Indians. The revolt had a premature death- its leaders
were blamed to have poor planning strategy, lack of military leadership and
weak organisational base. But the revolt became popular and what contribute to
its popularity is nothing but the debate that basically lies regarding its
nature-when scholars like Veer Savarkar in his book, “The Indian War of
Independence-1857”, made an attempt to look at the incidents of 1857 from
nationalist point of view, some other historians believe that the revolt was a
lawless effort of some sepoys. Dr. Ramesh Chandra Mazumdar thus in his book,
Sepoy Mutiny and Revolt of 1857 writes that this was nothing but a revolt of
the sepoys. On the whole, the discussion ran into two directions. While one
group termed it Great Revolt, another group prefer to call it Sepoy Mutiny. To
them, it was a mutiny of some aggrieved sepoys of which some dissatisfied
feudal chiefs, native rulers and displaced landlords
in the hope
of gaining their lost power, took part while the others , selfish to the core
and fearful of the British might , refused to join in.
Considering
the debate, it is a great pleasure on my part to throw light on the discussion
once again. The sepoys who fought in the battlefield no doubt had their own
grievances against the British Government but they consciously or unconsciously
created an atmosphere where all the Indians came under one umbrella. The Battle
of Plassey (1757) and the Battle of Buxar(1764) already annoyed the Indians.
When the
mutiny of sepoys started, the latter took active participation in it. The
British Government now showed its interest in the political affairs of the
country. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse by which the adopted
children of princes were denied the right to be legal heirs. This policy
specially affected the Rani of Jhansi as she did not have child of her own. She
now was ready to hold arms against the British. The British Government also
suspended pension of Nana Saheb, the adopted son of last Peshwa Baji Rao II and
abolished titles of many native rulers. Overall, the members of Royal families
were hurt and were looking for opportunities to teach a lesson to the British.
There are however, different arguments found in the involvement of the royal
members into the revolt. Tapati Roy in her book, Rani of the Raj told that Rani
of Jhansi participated in the revolt to protect her kingdom and her role cannot
be equated with any nationalistic fervour. Several other historians also held
the personal factors as responsible in the struggle against the British.
At the
outset of the revolt, it is said that the introduction of Enfield Rifle with
greased cartridge has created discontent among the Indian soldiers who
initially showed their loyality to the Company Rule. A rumour was spread that
the cartridges were made of pig fat and cow fat which hurt the religious sentiments
of both Muslims and Hindus respectively. An in depth study however reveals that
the greased cartridge was only a lame excuse, the withdrawal of bhatta was no
less an important cause. Benjamin Disraeli, the conservative leader, in July
1857 said: “The decline and fall of empires are not affairs of greased
cartridges. Such results are occasioned by adequate causes and by the
accumulation of adequate causes.”1 Moreover, the Indian soldiers were
given a derogatory status in the cantonment and were paid low salary as
compared to the European soldiers.
So far as
the participation of different classes in the Revolt is concerned, it is
assumed that the revolt could not embrace the entire classes though remained
widely popular among them. The upper classes sometimes were forced and
sometimes to benefit themselves participated in the revolt. This can be well
understood by a statement of Rani of Jhansi where she confessed that she was
threatened by the sepoys to help them with money ,guns and elephants. Nana
Sahib and Tantia Tope also maintained their cordial relation with the British
even after creating an impression that they were fighting a patriotic or
national war against the hated English. A group of Zaminders were largely
influenced by the motives of self-interest and their support in the revolt was
nothing but to regain their lost position.
Large participation
of the agrarian classes was mainly due to increasing burden of taxes and tolls.
Thus, the main target in the revolt was not the Colonialists rather the Baniyas
and the Mahajans who demanding a high rate of interest , threatened to ruin
them. It is in this context that the spirit of Indian Nationalism has often
been identified as agrarian in nature. Some Muslim leaders in the hope of
restoring Muslim rule in India , resisted the British regime and their vision
did not extend to the whole of India. Thus, the different social categories
took part in the revolt in different forms. The anti-British sentiments in
India, as mentioned earlier, were not grown only during the Revolt of 1857.
Infact, the common people from the very beginning did not accept the alien rule
which was solely responsible for the destruction of Indian villages and tribal
life.
As told
before, satisfaction of personal gain provoked various classes to rebel against
the British and it is also this reason which infact impelled a group of people
within the same class to take the side of the British. Thus, the Sindhia of
Gwalior, the Holkhar of Indore, the Nizana of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur
and other Rajput rulers, the Nawab of Bengal, the rulers of Patiala and many
other ruling chiefs and a section of Zaminders of Deccan gave active help to
the British on suppressing the revolt. The educated class of Bengal, Punjab and
Madras sharply opposed the revolt as they could not make any economic benefit
out of the revolt .the lower classes were also not united which could be easily
felt by anticipating some of their participation in the revolt and others’
hesitation to involve into the struggle. Even the message of the revolt did not
spread entirely throughout the country. Thus, when the revolt broke out in
Meerut cantonment, the North-Western part remained unaffected. Lack of popular
support, proper aims and ideals, modern arms and its limit in certain areas,
the revolt failed to unite all the classes and unable to take all-India
feature. It is here that the national character of the revolt has been
questioned because a revolt in order to be national, needs to be organised in
modernist terms, must be supported by all classes and should provide an
alternative programme of action to overthrow the regime against which it is
driven. The revolt of 1857 lacks all these characters and thus had an early
death. To reject this view, it can be said that the revolt, although not
adequate enough to put an end to the British rule , can be described as
national as it was for the first time that the soldiers of Indian army
recruited from different communities, Hindus and Muslims, landlords and
peasants with whatever might be their interests, came together in their
opposition to the British.”
According to
Bipan Chandra, “The civil rebellion had a broad social base, embracing all
sections of society-the territorial magnates, peasants, artisans, religious
mendicants and priests, civil servants, shopkeepers and boatmen. The Revolt of
the Sepoys, thus resulted in a popular uprising”. Marx, writing from London on
31 July, also suggested that there was more to the disturbances than a mutiny;
highlighting their national character, he wrote: “the Sikhs, like the
Mohammedans, were making common cause with the Brahmins, giving rise to a
general union against the British rule”. From 1920s, efforts were made to
analyse the revolt from a Marxist position by pioneers like M.N. Roy and
others.
The first
major work on the Revolt was published in 1957 on the occasion of 100th
anniversary of the event by the renowned historian R. C. Mazumdar. He in his
volume, ”Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857” clearly states that the revolt was
neither a sepoy mutiny nor a mass struggle. P. C. Joshi wrote the editorial
column (1857: A symposium, 1957) and it focussed on both the diversities and
the specifities of the 1857 revolt. This included assessing 1857 against the
colonial backdrop, examining aspects of participation and focussing in a major
way on the internal contradictions.6S.B.Chaudhuri, Civil Revolt in the Indian
Mutinies, 1857-59, 1957 and Theories of the Indian Mutiny, 1965; S.N. Sen,
Eighteen Fifty-Seven, 1957; and, K.K. Datta, Reflections on the Mutiny, 1967)
were also not uniformly comfortable with the view that the 1857 Revolt was the
‘First War of Indian Independence’.
In 2007, a
group of retired British soldiers and civilians, some of them descendants of
British soldiers who died in the conflict, attempted to visit the site of the
Siege of Lucknow. However, fears of violence by Indian demonstrators, supported
by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party, prevented the British visitors
from visiting the site. Despite the protests, Sir Mark Havelock was able to
make his way past police in order to visit the grave of his ancestor, General
Henry Havelock This shows that the events of the revolt still sparks not only
the minds of the Indians but also the British mind and they are also
enthusiastic and curious about the revolt.
The leaders
of the revolt are still respected and paid homage for their great sacrifice.
Recently, on July 21st 2011, Rani Laxmibai was declared to be one of the “ top
10 Bad-Ass wives” in the world by Time Magazine, who supported their
husbands.11 This recognition basically reflects that” Indian leaders had
developed a broad international outlook. They established the principle that
Indians should hate British imperialism but not British people. Consequently,
they were supported by a large number of Englishmen, women and political
groups.” Thus, when a group Englishmen
named the revolt a mere sepoy mutiny, the man like Disraeli, then an MP, argued
in the House of Commons that “the Indian disturbance is not a military mutiny,
but a national revolt”. Another Colonel
G.B. Malleson, who later completed J.W. Kaye’s History of the Sepoy War,
challenged the official theory of simple mutiny: “The crisis came: At first
apparently a mere military mutiny, it speedily changed its character, and
became a national insurrection.”
Conclusion: To conclude,
it can be said that even after 150 years of the revolt, we can still fell its
warmth and the debate that it emerges every time has enabled us to know
something new. Theoretically, the revolt could not achieve its goal, with the
use of superior armaments and proper planning; the colonialists were able to
defeat the soldiers and recaptured Delhi. Bahadur Shah was taken prisoner and
his two sons were killed. Nana Saheb was defeated at Kanpur, the Rani of Jhansi
died on the battlefield, Maniram Dewan was arrested and hanged to death. Great revolt
of 1857. The practical consideration is that the revolt was not absolutely
fruitless. It was the first uprising where the people from all section made
their contribution. We can pay our tribute to the revolt in the words of ex
Speaker of Lok Sabha, “The War of 1857 was undoubtedly an epoch making event in
India’s struggle for freedom. For what the British sought to derived as a mere
sepoy mutiny was India’s First War of Independence in a very sense, when people
from all walks of life, irrespective of their caste, creed, religion and
language, rose against the British Rule.”
References:
1. Savarkar, V D(1909, 1949)-
“Indian War of Independence-1857” ,Sethani Kampani,
2. Mazumdar, R. C(1962)-
“History of the Freedom Movement in India” Firma K.L Mukhopadhyay Publishers
3. Roy, B. Barman (2006)-“
Elements of History”, Ajanta Printers
4. Dey, Paramita and Das, Sumana(2007)-“
Political Science (Political Theory and Indian Constitution), Saraju Printing
Works
5. Roy, Tapati /(1994)-“ The
Politics of a Popular Uprising: Bundelkhand 1857”, Oxford University Press
6. Chandra, Bipan, Mukherjee,
Mridul, Mukherjee, Panikkar, K N, Mahajan, Sucheta(1989)- ’India’s Struggle for
Independence 1857-1947, Penguin Books
7. Ray, Rajat Kanta(2007)- “The
Mentality of the Mutiny: Conceptions of the Alternative Order in 1857.” In The
1857 Rebellion. Ed. Biswamoy Pati. New Delhi: Oxford UP, 281-294. Print.