Jatinder
Kumar
(Research Scholar) School
of Management Studies, BGSB University, Rajouri (J&K)
Dr.
Radha Gupta
Assistant Professor School
of Management Studies, BGSB University, Rajouri (J&K)
CONTENT
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S.no
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Title
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Page no
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1.
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ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTION
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3-4
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2.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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4-6
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3
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
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6
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4.
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RESEARCH DESIGN AND
METHODOLOGY
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6-7
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5.
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ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
(DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE)
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7-9
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6.
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PATTERNS OF
MIGRATION
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9-12
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7.
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ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
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12-15
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8.
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CONCLUSION
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15-16
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9.
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REFERENCES
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17-29
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10.
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LIST OF TABLES AND
FIGURES
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21-31
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Abstract: This paper is an attempt
to understand the emerging migration patterns in udhampur district of Jammu and
Kashmir state. Analysis of the pattern of migration helps us to assess the role
of various economic factors influencing migration. With Globalization,
Urbanization and accompanying changes in socio-economic Conditions, migrants
are attracted to urban areas in recent times. The emerging migration pattern
depicts confinement of migrants in lower socio-economic class in Urban India in
response to the macro economic reforms. The latest NSS data (2007/08) on
migration reveals a gloomy and divergent picture of recent migrants who have
migrated prior to five year. The study
covered Udhampur district of Jammu Division as it is one of the district where
people from all regions within or outside the state migrated. Sample has
selected from the number of household who have migrated from all regions within
or outside the state to Udhampur. The increase in number of household shall be
the base for sample selection and data has been identified from 2001 to 2011
census. The reason for such divergent pattern of migration within a period of
10 years really needs to be investigated. Stratified random sampling has been
used to select the sample from number of household migrated to urban area of
different teshils of Udhampur district. Hence, an enquiry into the changing
pattern of migration is critical to explore the emerging issues, identify the
challenges and main precedence required at policy level for urban development.
Key words: Patterns, Globalization, Urbanization and
socio-economic conditions.
1.
INTRODUCTION:
The movement of
people from one place to another place with the motive of settling in the
new location temporary or permanent is considered as migration. It is a common feature
of a vibrant population all over the world. In nearly all developing countries,
the major form of migration is rural to urban. Migration may be
of individuals, family units or in large groups (Adewale 2005). Behind migration there
are many primary and purposive factors that compel people to migrate from one
geographical region to another. Main among them are mostly rooted in social or
economic situations. Violence, political instability, transfers of jobs,
erosion & earthquake and environment etc. are also some of the factors which push people to migrate.
After
independence, India has undergone rapid Urbanization. The pace of urbanization
is not only due to natural increase in population growth but it has been mainly
caused by heavy movement of rural migrants in urban area particularly in the
large cities and metropolitans (Ganguly 2009; lendent 1982). The heavy movement
of rural migrants in urban area are either due to the repulsive factors
operating in the rural area in the form of high unemployment, lack of
infrastructure development, low wages, small size of land holding, or due to
attractive forces working in the urban area in the form of availability of jobs
in the factories, shops , offices and public services, technical and higher
education, better medical services, entertainments, high wages, expanding
infrastructure facilities etc. (Champan 1971; Clarke 1966; Mitra 1968; Sen
Gupta 1968; Zachariah 1964).
In India, as per census 2001, out of 1.02
billion people about 307 million have been observed as migrants by place of
birth and 20.5 million have been observed as rural migrants in the urban areas.
As
per the state of Jammu and Kashmir the total population of the State is
12548926 (2011 census). Total population of Jammu division stands at 5350811 (Department of ecology environmental and
remote sensing Jammu and Kashmir). It is around 42.63% of the total population
of the state. Udhampur district has the population of 555357 out of which
445850 people are living in rural area and 109507 are living in urban area. The
total numbers of household in Jammu division were 1021244 (Housing data
directorate of census operation J&K) out of which 93562 were in the
Udhampur district. It is the fourth largest district which has the maximum
number of household in the division. Jammu is the first district which has
302016 numbers of household. In the comparative analysis of housing data for 2011
and 2001 census it is found that there is increase of 27.57% houses in urban
area and 31.10% in the rural area.
2.
Review of literature:
In order to work out the research gap, it is
imperative to review the existing literature. The summary of core literature
reviewed is as under;
Dass & Saha (2005), in this study the authors had
tried to study the pattern and levels of inter-state migration in India and
also tried to study how regional variation in development influences
inter-state migration. It was concluded that people mainly moved to the states
which have higher growth rates of urbanization and achieved higher economic
development compared to the states where employment opportunities are less.
Mahapaytro (2007),
she focused on the basic trends and characteristics of migrants. In this study
it was identified that seasonal migration of people from rural to urban is
reduced because of some government schemes like NREGA.
Mitra & Murayama (2008), this paper analyzed the level of
migration of men and women from rural to urban area in India. It was concluded that migration of male is
more than female. Most of the male are migrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat from
poor and backward states like U.P and Bihar.
Vnyakayam & Sekar (2012), the study described the factors causative towards rural to urban
migration. In rural areas lack of basic amenities, low wages, drought, less
employment opportunities etc. are the factors that push people towards urban
area and more employment opportunities, higher income, better wages, and better facilities are the pull factors that motivate people to
shift from rural to urban area.
Khan (2011), the paper focused on sex -wise causes of rural urban
migration in India. The study revealed that majority of the rural migrants
arrived in the urban area due to social and economic reasons and further
mentioned that females are less economic motivated than males in India. Most of
the males are motivated with job and money. Therefore the percentage of male is
more than female as migrants towards urban area.
Kumar (2012), in this paper
the author tried to make relation between migration, agriculture and weather
variability and said that internal migration in India is a composite issue and
number of factors affect it. On one side there is a concern that the economic
growth in India is not contributing significantly to promote speedy
urbanization in-line with the ordinary development arguments. There are also
concerns that agricultural distress could be forcing migration of people to
other economic sectors and regions in the short to medium term. In the later
context, the role of weather variability in reducing agricultural productivity
and hence contributing to migration is fast acquiring great importance as such;
evidence may provide insights about the scope for migration as an adaptation
strategy in the event of climate change.
Dineshappa & Sreenivasa (2014), the study focused on the extent
and types of internal migration flow in India and also showed huge distresses
connected with them. Before 1991 the rate of migration was less but it
increased immediate after adaptation of new economic policy. Agriculture acted
as the base of Indian economy as a result the type of rural to rural stream
dominates in the migration process. Employment among males and marriage among
female is the main reasons of migration in the country.
Roy
& Devnath (2014), this paper showed that net migration is
positively inclined by level of per capita income and level of road
infrastructure and negatively inclined by unemployment rate and cost of living.
The other variable, crime rate, has been found insignificant as a determinant
of migration, indicating that people migrating from one state to other do not
concern about risk of life, they are rather concerned about basic needs of
life.
3. Objectives of the study: The review of literature
was carried out in the last chapter helped to find out the research gap. In
order to bridge the research gap, following objective have been framed
·
To study demographic characteristics of
migrants.
·
To study the pattern of migration in
District Udhampur of Jammu and Kashmir State.
·
To evaluate economic consequences of
migration.
4. Research design and methodology:
The research was evaluative in nature as it
evaluated the impact of employment options on the economic status of the
migrant families. It also evaluates the
impact of education and medical facilities on the social status of the migrant
families. The study covered Udhampur district of Jammu Division as it is one of
the district where people from all regions within or outside the state
migrated. Sample has selected from the number of household who have migrated
from all regions within or outside the state to Udhampur. The increase in
number of household shall be the base for sample selection and data has been
identified from 2001 to 2011 census. Stratified random sampling has been used
to select the sample from number of household migrated to urban area of different
teshils of Udhampur district. To
generate reliable schedule, both primary and secondary information has been
worked out. The items under different parameters were included to cover all the
aspect of economic consequences and pattern of migration. The schedule has been
finalized after reviewing the existing literature and extensive discussion with
different expert. The questionnaire has been prepared as per the requirement of
the study. The respondents were personally contacted and they were explained
the reason for the study. The data was collected from three different teshils
of district udhampur. The basic purpose of study is to find out the
socio-economic impact on families who migrated from different area to urban
area of Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir state. For the above mentioned
reasons, the study is based on both primary data as well as secondary data.
Primary
data: Fresh data has been collected by personal visit to the
household migrated in the urban area of Udhampur district from outside. The
data was gathered by questioning to Head of the household. A sum total of 280
household were approached for finding social and economic consequences of
migration in the study area.
Secondary
Data: The secondary data was obtained from different sources
like books, doctoral thesis, research papers, reputed research journal, census
of India 2001 and 2011 and census of Jammu and Kashmir 2011, etc. Apart from
this, unpublished sources and internet was also used to augment primary
information.
5.
Analysis and interpretation
After collecting the data from the respondents, it was
tabulated and classified accordingly. Many tools and technique were used to
deduct the research finding and required suggestions have been put forth to
provide remedial solution to the problems which have been traced in the study.
The detail analysis of the collected data is as under:
Demographic
analysis: demographics are an important to study the mix of
selected sample from the universe.
i) Age composition of the respondents: Age
of the respondents plays very important role in the process of migration. Table (5.1.0) under reference gives a
statistical statement of age composition of the respondents. Majority of the respondents who are migrated
in Udhampur district comes under the age group of 41-50 years and it is almost
41% of the total migrants. Second highest percentage comes under the age group
of 51-60 and it is almost 30%. The people who are in the age group of above 60
are only 22% and below 40 is 9% lowest among all.
ii) Gender of Respondents: Gender wise
detail of respondents is also important because it reflects how many females
and males are migrated and acting as head of the household. Table (5.1.1)
indicates that 88.2% of the household headed by the males and 11.8% by the
females among total migrants.
iii) Marital
status of respondents: From table (5.1.2) it was observed that 88.2% Heads
of different households migrated to urban area of Udhampur district are married
and 11.8% respondents are females are widow or divorced.
iv)
Size of family if married: While analyzing the size of family from
table (5.1.3) it was found that 141 households having size of more than four
people and it is approximately 50% of the total households. 44.6% having size
of 3-4 people and only 5% households have size of 1-2 people.
v)
Religion of Respondents: Table (5.1.4) revealed the religion
of people who are migrated within the urban area of Udhampur district. It was found
that 85.4% of people are Hindu, 12.5% are Muslim and only 2.1% are Sikh who is
migrated in Udhampur district from different area of Jammu And Kashmir
State.
vi) Sub caste of Respondents: Udhampur is a
district where mix caste of
people is living. People who are
minority class is migrating more because of more opportunity and benefits
available in the urban area. Table (4.1.5) revealed that 37.8% people are from
General category, 26.4% are SC, and 7.1% are ST and 28.57% from other category.
vii)
Mother Tongue of Respondents: It is the way by which people used to interact
with others. From table (5.1.6) it was concluded that maximum percentage of
people who are shifted in urban area from different places used Dogri language
as medium of exchange, it is about 81% of total Migrants, Kashmiri is the
second largest and it is about 10%, 2% is Hindi and 8% comes under others
option of mother tongue.
(Viii) Type of Family: The family system existing among the
migrant household are given in the table 5.1.7 as per the data 90.7 per cent of
the migrants are of joint families, in these families all family members wife, husband, children’s and aged parents
are leaving at destination area. The remaining 9.3 percent of the
migrant households are of nuclear family. In these families sons are leaving
alone and leave their parents at home lonely.
6.
Patterns of migration:: In this topic an attempt is made to
understand the emerging migration pattern in Udhampur district. It may be
pointed out that migration in the Indian sub-continent has been historically
low. But the rapid transformation of the Indian economy, improvements in the
levels of education and that of transport and communication facilities,
shifting of workforce from agriculture to industry and tertiary activities etc.
have influenced mobility pattern of Indian people in recent times (Bhagat,
2009). The area from which a migrant
departs is termed as the area of origin and the area at which he arrives is
termed as area of destination. Where a large number of migrants depart from a
common area of origin and arrive at a common area of destination during a
particular period of time. We included three different area at which a migrant
may departs rural, town and semi-urban. Urban area is taken as the area of destination.
Semi-urban area is differentiated with urban area on
the basis of road distance (1km) away from main city of Udhampur and urban area
is the area which is within 1km around the main city. The depart area of towns
and villages of migrants are included which are mentioned by the Government of
Jammu and Kashmir. This section provides information on the patterns of
migration. Analysis of the pattern of migration helps us to assess the role of
various social and economic factors influencing migration. The features of
patterns of migration can be studied in two ways: One by the distance covered
in the migration and the other by the streams of migration.
|
Patterns of
migration
|
|
On the basis of distance covered in
the migration
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On
the basis of stream
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1.
Rural-Urban
2. Town-Urban
3.
Semi urban-Urban
|
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1. Inter-District
2. Intra-District
|
Inter-district:
it
is the pattern in which people crossed the administrative boundaries of the
district. They permanently shift from one district to other district.
Intra-district:
it
is the pattern in which people don’t crossed the administrative boundaries of
the district. They only shift from one
place to other place within the district. This is roughly indicative of the
distance of migration
On the basis of last residence of migrants, three
migration streams are identified: rural to urban, town to urban, and semi urban
to urban. There are many more streams but our study is based on the people who
are migrated within urban area of Udhampur district from different places. So,
we identified and focused only on three streams of migration.
Rural-urban:
it is the type of migration where people move from rural area to urban area for
better opportunity of education and jobs.
Town-urban:
it is the pattern of migration where people permanently shift from Town to
urban area of district for enjoying improvement of education, employment and
better standard of living.
Semi
urban-urban: it is the type where people move from semi
urban to urban area for fast consumption of social and economic facilities.
Analysis of Migration patterns:
MSU
=
=
61/280, 219/280
MSU
=
=
21.8, 78.2 = 100
MSU
= βi = [IRD=
21.8, IAD=78.2]
MSU = Represents
migration stream of Udhampur District
βi = Denotes the which streams are highly force to
migrants
TMS = Shows that total
sample migrants in the selected District
IRD = Inter District
migrants
IAM
= Intra District migrants
Table 6.2.0 shows analysis of intra-district and
inter-district migration would help in knowing the volume of migrants from
within and outside the given district. Majority of the migrant respondents
(78.2%) were from within the district of Udhampur. The migrants from the far
off district of udhampur were (21.8%).
Pattern on the basis last
residence:
MSU = Represents
migration stream of Udhampur District
βi = Denotes the which streams are highly force to
migrants
TMS = Shows that total
sample migrants in the selected District
RUM = Rural to urban
migrants
TUM = Town to Urban migrants
SUUM= Semi urban to Urban Migrants
MSU
=
=
181/280, 57/280, 42/280
MSU
=
=
64.6, 20.4, 15 = 100
MSU
= βi = [RUM=
64.6, TUM = 20.4, SUUM=15]
Table (6.2.1) is
the representation of pattern on the basis of last residence and it could be
asserted that a 64.6% migrant has come from different villages, 20.4% from
different town and 15% from semi-urban areas (area 3km away from urban area).
The percentage of migrants from rural area (villages) to urban area is more
because in the source area there is increasing
unemployment, poverty, less resource, environmental degradation, etc. limits
the livelihood options and may force people to migrate. But at the same time in
destination area, there is better employment and educational opportunities,
improvement in educational level, changing occupational pattern, development of
transport and communication pull people to migrate (Acharya,
S 2003).
7.
Economic consequences of migration:
Economic changes taking place in India in
the epoch of globalization have strong spatial implications. Studies on
internal migration have indicated a decline in population mobility up to 1990’s
(Kundu, 1996, Singh, 1998, Srivastava, 1998, Bhagat, 2009). Conversely, the
post reform period confirms an increase in internal population movement. The
latest NSS figure (2007/08) shows internal migration in India has increased to
29 percent from 25percent in 1993. Migration is now recognized
as an important factor in determining plans for social and economic
development, espec1ally in developing countries. With a traditional Social
structure a developing country
which
is going through a process of socio-economic transformation under conditions of
political, democracy, free migration of population has wider economic, political,
social and cultural aspects. The economist has been interested in the relation
of Migration to regional
economic growth and business cycle, the supply of skilled and unskilled labour,
the growth of industry, the outflow and 1nflow of money income, wage
differences between the place of origin end place of destination of
migrants, etc. The legislator and political scientist are concerned with the
formulation of policies and laws regarding 1mmgration and to a lesser extent,
internal migration, and the enfranchisement and voting behavior of migrants.
Similarly, the sociologist is interested in the social cultural and
psychological effect of migration upon migrants as well as the general
population in the place of destination or the process of assimilation and
adjustment of migrant’s population. Our
basic purpose is to analyze
the socio-economic consequences of migration
in a particular region. Therefore, we should at least incorporate here those
theoretical and empirical aspects of migration analysis which are essential to understand the problem
thoroughly. This will help
us not only to analyze critically the situation of the region under study but
also enable us to suggest remedial measures. Interaction
of various factors in the course of development can not only accentuate the
pace of mobility but would lead to emergence of new migration patterns. There
can be contrasting reasons for this current increase in the migration rate. On
the one hand increasing unemployment, poverty, overcrowded, natural disaster,
crop failure, lack of clean water, poor education, poor health provisions, lack
of service and amenities, poor electricity and power connection, lack of
services and amenities and environmental degradation etc. limits the livelihood
options and may force people to migrate. But at the same time urbanization,
high potential of employment and educational opportunities, good food
suppliers, safe and good environment (No violence and less Disease better
living conditions), improvement in educational level, changing occupational
pattern, more comfortable (proper housing and quality housing), development of
transport and communication, entrainments (Cinema hall and Restaurants) are the new impetus facilitating
spatial mobility. We start an analysis
about economic consequences of migration in this unit; it is advisable to know
the various causes that lead to migration. Otherwise it will be difficult to
suggest remedial to overcome the adverse consequences of migration.
Table
7.1.0 depicted the average monthly income of household who
are migrated within urban area of Udhampur district. There are 96 household
among total of 280 having monthly income of 35001-50,000 , 27% household coming
under slab of more than 50,000, 23.6% are in 20,001-35,000 and only 14.6%
household earning below 20,000.
Table
7.1.1 representing the data of average monthly saving of
household, where 52.5% household has monthly saving of more than 15,000 and
27.9% are coming under monthly saving of 10001-15000. There are15% migrant
household who have saving in between 5001-10,000 and only 4.6% household are
coming under monthly saving below 5000.
There are many household who are migrated from rural,
town and others parts to urban area of Udhampur district. From table 7.1.1 it
was depicted that many household have saving of more than 15000. Table 7.1.2
shows the impact of migration on saving and we found that 76.1% migrants agree
with the statement of increase in saving after migration, 14.6% migrants has
not seen any impact and they remain same
before and after migration. 9.3% household suffered after migration, because
they felt that their saving decrease after migration.
Table
7.1.3 depicted the cross tabulation of duration of stay of
migrants and average monthly income of household. In duration of stay 12.5
percent household migrated from last 5-10 years, 26.4 percent comes under the
second class interval of 10-15 years and maximum of 61 percent household
migrated in the urban area of Udhampur comes under the third class interval of
above 15 years. In the average monthly income of household 34.6 percent
families are in monthly income of 35001-50000. The second highest percentage of
27.5 comes under monthly income of above 50000, 23.5 percent are in 20001-35000
and only 14.6 percent are in the lowest slab of below 20000. In relation of
duration of stay and average monthly income 6.42 percent of People who are
migrated in duration of 5 to 10 years having monthly income of 35001-50000.
Only 0.35 percent people in same interval having income of more than 50000. In
second interval of duration of stay 11 percent family having income of
20001-35000 and the number of household in monthly income of above 50000 has
increased with the increase in duration of stay in the destination area. 20
percent of household having average monthly income of more than 50000 who are
staying in the destination area above 15 years.
Table
7.1.4 represented the cross tabulation of duration of stay
and average monthly saving of household. In duration of stay 12.5 percent
household migrated from last 5-10 years, 26.4 percent comes under the second
class interval of 10-15 years and maximum of 61 percent household migrated in
the urban area of Udhampur comes under the third class interval of above 15
years. In the average monthly saving of household 42.8 percent families are in
monthly saving of 5001-10000. The second highest percentage of 37.1 comes under
monthly saving of 10001-15000, 20 percent are in above 15000 and no one comes
under the lowest slab of below 5000. In relation of duration of stay and
average monthly saving 5.3 percent of household who are migrated in duration of
5 to 10 years having monthly saving of 5001-10000. Only 2.8 percent people in
same interval having income of more than 50000. In second interval of duration
of stay 11.2 percent family having monthly saving of more than 15000, the
number of household in monthly saving of above 15000 has increased with the
increase in duration of stay in the destination area. 38.5 percent of household
having average monthly saving of more than 15000 who are staying in the
destination area above 15 years.
Table
7.1.5 showed the correlation of duration of stay and
average monthly income of household. The value of correlation is (.191)
positive in between duration of stay and average monthly income. Value of p or
level of significance is .001 and less than .05 at sample size of 280. So, the
correlation is significant in between two variables. The average monthly income
of household increased with the duration of stay.
Table 7.1.6 represented the
correlation of duration of stay in the destination and average monthly saving
of household. Correlation value of .272 reflected the positive relation of both
variables. The level of significance is also less than .05. So, there is
increase in saving with the duration of stay in the destination area.
8.
Conclusion
The present paper depicts the current trends, patterns
and characteristics of migrants. A number of key issues emerged from the study.
The latest information on migration reveals a gloomy picture of recent
migrants, increasing intra-district mobility among migrants in urban area, it
may be pointed out that migration in the Indian sub-continent has been
historically low. But the rapid transformation of the Indian economy,
improvements in the levels of education and that of transport and communication
facilities, shifting of workforce from agriculture to industry and tertiary
activities etc. have influenced mobility pattern of Indian people in recent
times (Bhagat, 2009). The percentage of migrants from
rural area (villages) to urban area is more because in the source area there is
increasing unemployment, poverty, less
resource, environmental degradation, etc. limits the livelihood options and may
force people to migrate. But at the same time in destination area, there is
better employment and educational opportunities, improvement in educational
level, changing occupational pattern, development of transport and
communication pull people to migrate. Interaction
of various factors in the course of development can not only accentuate the
pace of mobility but would lead to emergence of new migration patterns.
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LIST
OF TABLES AND PICTURES
|
S.no
|
Title
|
Table no./picture
|
|
1.
|
Age of respondents
|
5.1.0
|
|
2.
|
Gender wise
respondents
|
5.1.1
|
|
3.
|
Age of respondents
|
5.1.2
|
|
4.
|
Gender wise detail
of respondents
|
5.1.3
|
|
5.
|
Marital status
|
5.1.4
|
|
6.
|
Size of family
|
5.1.5
|
|
7.
|
Religion
|
5.1.6
|
|
8.
|
Sub caste
|
5.1.7
|
|
9.
|
Mother tongue
|
5.1.8
|
|
10.
|
Type of family
|
5.1.9
|
|
11.
|
Patterns of migration
|
6.1.0,6.1.1
|
|
12.
|
Average monthly
income
|
7.1.0/figure 1
|
|
13.
|
Average monthly saving
|
7.1.1/figure 2
|
|
14.
|
Impact of migration
on saving
|
7.1.2/figure 3
|
|
15.
|
Cross table of duration of stay and monthly income
|
7.1.3
|
|
16.
|
Cross table of
duration of stay and monthly saving
|
7.1.4
|
|
17.
|
Correlation of duration of stay and income
|
7.1.5
|
|
|
Correlation of
duration of stay and saving
|
7.1.6
|
Table 5.1.0 Age of
Respondents
|
Age of Respondent
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Below 40
|
26
|
9.3
|
|
41-50
|
114
|
40.7
|
|
51-60
|
78
|
27.9
|
|
Above 60
|
62
|
22.1
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source: Primary Data
Table 5.1.1 Gender wise detail of Respondents
|
Gender
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
male
|
247
|
88.2
|
|
female
|
33
|
11.8
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source:
Primary Data
Table 5.1.2 Marital Status of Respondents
|
Marital Status
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
married
|
247
|
88.2
|
|
others
|
33
|
11.8
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source: Primary Data
Table 5.1.3 Size of your family if Married
|
Size of your family
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
1-2
|
14
|
5.0
|
|
3-4
|
125
|
44.6
|
|
more than 4
|
141
|
50.4
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source:
Primary Data
Table 5.1.4 religion
|
Religion
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Hindu
|
239
|
85.4
|
|
Muslim
|
35
|
12.5
|
|
Sikh
|
6
|
2.1
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source:
Primary Data
Table 5.1.5 Sub caste of Respondents
|
Sub
caste
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
General category
|
106
|
37.8
|
|
Schedule caste
|
74
|
26.4
|
|
Schedule Tribe
|
20
|
7.1
|
|
others
|
80
|
28.57
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source:
Primary Data
Table 5.1.6 Mother Tongue
|
Mother
Tongue
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Dogri
|
226
|
80.7
|
|
Kashmiri
|
27
|
9.6
|
|
Hindi
|
6
|
2.1
|
|
others
|
21
|
7.5
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source: Primary Data
Table 5.1.7 Type of Your Family
|
Type of Family
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Nuclear
|
26
|
9.3
|
|
Joint
|
254
|
90.7
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source: Primary Data
Table 6.2.0 Pattern
of migration
|
S.No
|
Pattern on the basis
of distance covered
|
Number of respondents
|
Percentage
|
||
|
1.
|
Inter-district
|
61
|
21.8
|
||
|
2.
|
Intra-district
|
219
|
78.2
|
||
|
Total
|
280
|
100
|
|||
Source: primary data
Table
6.2.1 Pattern on the
basis of last residence
|
S.No
|
Pattern on the basis
of last residence
|
Number of respondents
|
Percentage
|
|
1.
|
Rural-urban
|
181
|
64.6
|
|
2.
|
Town-urban
|
57
|
20.4
|
|
3.
|
Semi urban-urban
|
42
|
15.0
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100
|
|
Source: primary data
Table 7.1.0: Average monthly income of household
|
Monthly
income
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Below 20000
|
41
|
14.6
|
|
20001-35000
|
66
|
23.6
|
|
35001-50000
|
96
|
34.3
|
|
Above 50000
|
77
|
27.5
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source:
Primary Data
Table 7.1.1 Average monthly saving of
household
|
Monthly
saving
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Below 5000
|
13
|
4.6
|
|
5001-10000
|
42
|
15.0
|
|
10001-15000
|
78
|
27.9
|
|
Above 15000
|
147
|
52.5
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Source: Primary Data
Table 7.1.2 Impact of migration on saving
|
Saving
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Increase after migration
|
213
|
76.1
|
|
Decrease after migration
|
26
|
9.3
|
|
Remain same
|
41
|
14.6
|
|
Total
|
280
|
100.0
|
Table: 7.1.3
|
Duration of stay in the
Destination * Average monthly income of your family Cross tabulation
|
||||||
|
Count
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average monthly income of
your family
|
Total
|
|||
|
|
|
below 20000
|
20001-35000
|
35001-50000
|
above 50000
|
|
|
Duration of stay in the Destination
|
5-10 years
|
9
|
7
|
18
|
1
|
35
|
|
10-15 years
|
8
|
31
|
15
|
20
|
74
|
|
|
above 15 years
|
24
|
28
|
63
|
56
|
171
|
|
|
Total
|
41
|
66
|
96
|
77
|
280
|
|
Source: Primary Data
Table: 7.1.4
|
Duration of stay in the
Destination * Average monthly saving of household Cross tabulation
|
||||||
|
Count
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average monthly saving of
household
|
Total
|
|||
|
|
|
below 5000
|
50001-10000
|
10001-15000
|
above 15000
|
|
|
Duration of stay in the Destination
|
5-10 years
|
0
|
15
|
13
|
7
|
35
|
|
10-15 years
|
8
|
7
|
27
|
32
|
74
|
|
|
above 15 years
|
5
|
20
|
38
|
108
|
171
|
|
|
Total
|
13
|
42
|
78
|
147
|
280
|
|
Source: Primary Data
Table: 7.1.5
|
Correlations
|
|||
|
|
|
Duration of stay in the
Destination
|
Average monthly income of your family
|
|
Duration of stay in the Destination
|
Pearson Correlation
|
1
|
.191
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
|
.001
|
|
|
N
|
280
|
280
|
|
|
Average monthly income of your family
|
Pearson Correlation
|
.191**
|
1
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
.001
|
|
|
|
N
|
280
|
280
|
|
|
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
|
|
||
Source: primary data
Table: 7.1.6
|
Correlations
|
|||
|
|
|
Duration of stay in the
Destination
|
Average monthly saving of household
|
|
Duration of stay in the Destination
|
Pearson Correlation
|
1
|
.272**
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
|
.000
|
|
|
N
|
280
|
280
|
|
|
Average monthly saving of household
|
Pearson Correlation
|
.272**
|
1
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
.000
|
|
|
|
N
|
280
|
280
|
|
|
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
|
|
||
