Nitesh Verma*. P.K.Dantu and Sharmita Gupta
Virology Lab., Department of Botany, Faculty of
science,
Dayalbagh Educational Institute
Abstract
Wastewater is also used for secondary purposes and
must be treated before it is released into another water body, so that it does
not cause further pollution of water resources. Wastewater comes from a variety
of sources, everything that you flush down in your toilet or rinse down the
drain is wastewater and it also come from agricultural and industrial sources.
Present study was aimed to estimate the water quality parameter such as COD,
BOD, pH and TSS of water from the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of Jaganpur
area, Dayalbagh, Agra. Temporal variation in COD, BOD, pH and
TSS value of treated water of STP was also assessed. Results indicated that the
physico-chemical properties like COD, BOD, pH and TSS is high in untreated
sewage water and low in treated water which is used in secondary purposes. It
was observed that better water quality was found after treatment. Instead of
discharging the untreated water on the nearby bodies of water it is proposed to
let it pass through the STP plant.
Keywords : Temporal variation,
Physio-chemical, Treated, Untreated, Sewage water
Introduction
Water
is important because it is needed for life to exist .Water pollution is a huge
problem and powerful enough to lead the world on a path of destruction. Water
is used in almost every important human chores and process. Due to the expanding human population competition
for water is increasing day by day,
water resources on earth are diminishing rapidly.Many
pollutant threaten water supplies but
the most widespread , especially in
developing countries is the discharge of raw sewage into natural waters which has affect detrimental on the quality
and quantity of existing fresh water resources. Water is abundantly available
in nature. It is an essential constituent of all animal and vegetable matter
and forms about 75% of the matter of earth’ and plants crust Perks et al(.2004). It is also an essential component of animals and
plants. Availability of clean and potable water has become a key issue
in several developing countries.(Okoh A.I., 2007).). Report given by Central Pollution Control
Board (2005) stated that domestic sewage disposal from cities and towns is the largest
source of pollution of water bodies in India.
A large number of rivers stretches are severely polluted as a result of
discharge of domestic sewage. Pollution
of water bodies can be prevented by treating domestic sewage water and it can
be used for irrigation, reduce the demand for fresh water in irrigation sector
and result in huge savings in terms of nutritional value of sewage in
irrigation(Awasthi et.al.2011) .To mitigate the pollution of water and reduce
the heavy flux of sewage of domestic as well as industry, into the river
concept for sewage treatment was started in India. Presently over 200 full-scale UASB plants are
in operation for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters
worldwide (Fallowfield and Garrett, 1985; Bahgat
et al., 1999) . Sewage Treatment
Plant (STP) of Agra (Jaganpur 14 MLD capacity) comes under the YAP(Yamuna
Action Plan),YAP was formulated in early 1990 for the state of Uttar Pradesh,
Haryana ,Delhi where major part of Yamuna river flows. The YAP was funded by
JBIC (formerly OECF, Japan) under a soft loan bilaterally agreed arrangement
.With respect to the application of UASB technology, the experience gained in
India is unique and diverse. India is one of the leading countries in terms of
the amount of sewage volume treated by the UASB process (Sato et al 2007)
Methodology
Water samples have been collected from STP, Jaganpura,
Dayalbagh ,Agra which is located at the
geographical location of 27°13´0” North,
78°1´0”East. This sewage plant is designed to treat 14MLD per day.
Wastewater samples were collected from
influent and effluent at different time periods to check temporal variations in
water quality. Samples were collected in a 5 litre bottle which has been
previously washed with 10%HNO3 to remove any adhered salt from
bottle and add few drops of acid to main quality of water.
Collection was done at different
time periods from early morning to early evening to check the temporal
variation. Treated and Untreated sample analysed by following the Standard
Method Examination of Water and Wastewater given in “Environment and Pollution”
of Ambast (1990) and APHA (1998).
Result &
Discussion
Table (1): Untreated sewage water quality
parameter STP
|
Days
|
DO (mg/l)
|
BOD(
mg/l)
|
COD(
mg/l)
|
pH
|
TSS(
mg/l)
|
|
1st
|
0.3
|
226
|
380 mg/l
|
7.63
|
460 mg/l
|
|
5th
|
0.7
|
223
|
495 mg/l
|
7.65
|
500 mg/l
|
|
10th
|
0.2
|
234
|
510 mg/l
|
7.78
|
437 mg/l
|
|
15th
|
0.8
|
222
|
502 mg/l
|
7.61
|
531 mg/l
|
|
20th
|
0.4
|
242
|
485 mg/l
|
7.7
|
533 mg/l
|
|
25th
|
0.8
|
224
|
508 mg/l
|
7.60
|
410
mg/l
|
Table
(2): Treated
sewage water quality parameter of STP
|
Days
|
DO
(mg/l)
|
BOD(
mg/l)
|
COD(
mg/l)
|
pH
|
TSS(
mg/l)
|
|
1st
|
3.8
|
29 mg/l
|
134 mg/l
|
7.5
|
47 mg/l
|
|
5th
|
4.1
|
28 mg/l
|
143 mg/l
|
7.59
|
32 mg/l
|
|
10th
|
4
|
28 mg/l
|
145 mg/l
|
7.59
|
48 mg/l
|
|
15th’
|
3.4
|
30 mg/l
|
140 mg/l
|
8.6
|
43 mg/l
|
|
20th
|
3.2
|
30 mg/l
|
135 mg/l
|
7.6
|
33.3 mg/l
|
|
25th
|
4
|
27 mg/l
|
135 mg/l
|
7.6
|
47 mg/l
|
pH- pH values varied from 7.60 to 7.78
in the influent water and after treatment of STP water the pH value ranged from
7.5 to 8.6 so. There is no such changes found in pH values in treated STP
water. This is because there are neither major industries nor other major
activities in the area that could cause extreme changes in pH of the effluent.
Dissolve
Oxygen-During the
investigation DO of untreated water ranges between 0.2 to 0.8mg/l. These values
are very low due to the higher amount of micro-organisms and also due to the
mixing of industrial and municipal solid
waste in sewage water. After treatment the DO of water increase upto 3.2 to
4.0mg/l. This changes in DO determine biological changes.
Biological
Oxygen Demand- During
study untreated water BOD ranges between 222mg/l to 242mg/l which is quite high
and not suitable even for irrigation purpose. BOD is the most widely used
parameter to measure water quality parameter. After referring both table 1 and
2 BOD was higher in the untreated STP water rather than treated STP water. BOD
was higher because of extensive use of organic waste in untreated waste water.
But after treatment the BOD was reduced.
Chemical
Oxygen Demand- In untreated influent of STP the COD
values ranged from 380mg/l to 510mg/l while after treatment COD decreased upto
134mg/l. It was concluded that COD value of untreated water was much higher and
not safe for various secondary purposes, this higher value is because of huge
load of chemicals in the waste water. But after treatment of STP water the COD value
decreased considerably.
Total
Suspended Solid-The
table1 revealed that the TSS of untreated water was very high ranging from
410mg/l to 533mg/l(table1). This higher value is because of many suspended
waste present in water. After treatment values of suspended solids came down to
32mg/l( table 2).
Table
(3): Temporal
variation in treated water of STP
|
Time
|
pH
|
DO (mg/l)
|
BOD (mg/l)
|
COD (mg/l)
|
TSS (mg/l)
|
|
7:00am
|
7.1
|
4
|
28
|
126
|
58
|
|
10:30am
|
7.9
|
5.2
|
24
|
96
|
47
|
|
2:00
pm
|
8.1
|
4.4
|
26
|
122
|
43
|
|
6:0
pm
|
7.8
|
3.8
|
29
|
152
|
64
|
It was concluded from the table 3
that BOD, DO ,COD and TSS of water was higher during morning and evening. The
amount of oxygen dissolve in water varies daily and seasonally. The changes in
water quality is due to photosynthesis by many aquatic plants and algae in
water during day time because higher the sunlight intensity increases the rate
of photosynthesis. The level of oxygen concentration in aquatic ecosystem is
dependent on temperature, photosynthetic activity, respiration of biotic
communities and organic loading.
CONCLUSION
The maximum and minimum value of BOD, COD, TSS
and pH of treated water show that these parameters were largely reduced to 70
to 80% and the value of these parameters are within the limit of WHO 2004 and
BIS 1991,use for the secondary purpose such as irrigation, agriculture,
construction, industrial cooling etc. So the waste water treatment is essential
for maintaining the water quality. To improve the quality of water, sewage
treatment plant are essential. Sewage treatment is the process of removing the
contaminant from wastewater to produce liquid and solid suitable for discharge
to the environment or for reuse. It is a form of waste management. Sewage water
is a complex matrix with many distinctive chemical characteristics. These
include the high concentration of BOD, COD, TSS, pH .The present study reveals
the assessment of physiochemical parameters like COD, BOD, pH and TSS which
were present in high concentration in untreated sewage water and considerable low
values were recorded in final treated
water. The performance of Agra sewage treatment plant was evaluated which has
shown its capability to reduce BOD, COD, pH and TSS from the untreated sewage
water. During afternoon the dissolved oxygen of treated water is higher as
compare to morning because the photosynthesis by many aquatic plants is higher
in morning time. From the above study it was observed that better water quality
was found after treatment.
References:
·
American
Public Health, Association (1998). Standard methods for the Analysis. 7th
Edn.University Press, Washington DC, New York,
·
Awasthi
A.(2011),. Impact of anthropogenic activities on limnology of Bhopal lakes with
special reference to Fish diversity. Ph.D. Thesis, Barkatullah University
·
Bahgat,
M., Dewedar, M.A., Zayed, A.,( 1999). Sand-filters used for wastewater
treatment: buildup and distribution of microorganisms. Water Res. 33 (8),
1949–1955.
·
BIS(1993). Drinking water specification (Ist revision). Amendment no. 1,IS:
10500. Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
·
Central
Pollution Control Board2005, A report on Status of Sewage Treatment in India,
by CPCB, pp-1-101.
·
Fallowfield,
H.J., Garrett, M.K., (1985). The treatment ofwastes by algal culture. J. Appl.
Bact. Symp. Suppl., 187S–205S.
·
Khalil N.,
Sinha R., Raghav A., Mittal K.(2008) UASB technology for sewage treatment in India: Experience Economic
evaluation and its potential in other developing countries. Department of
Mechanics, IIT, Delhi,
·
Okoh
AI; Odjadjare EE; IgbinosaEO; AN Osode(2007),
Afr. J. Biotech., ,6(25), 2932-2944.
·
Perks,
A.R., Bauer, G.A., Devnani, S., Bhambane, E., (2004). Wastewater flow
monitoring for Mumbai, India. Internal Report for R.V. Anderson Associates
Ltd., Ottawa, Canada, pp. 1–6.
·
WHO
Guidelines for drinking water quality(1984), Vol. 1, recommendations, Geneva
WHO,p1.03
·
Conroy, J. D.,
W.J. Edwards, R.A. Pontius, D.D. Kane and H. Zhang et al., (2005). Soluble
nitrogen and phosphorus excretion of exotic freshwater mussels (Dreissena
spp.): potential impacts for nutrient remineralisation in western Lake Erie.
Freshwater Biol., 50: 1146-1162.
·
McCormick, M.J.
and G.L. Fahnenstiel, (1999). Recent climatic trends in nearshore water
temperatures in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Limnol. Oceanography, 44:
530-540.
