Reshma S. Gajakosh1, Dr.
R.V.Gangshetty2
[1] Doctoral Research Scholar, Dept. of Economics,
Akkamahadevi Women’s University, Vijayapura (India).
[1] Assistant
Professor, Dept. of Economics, Akkamahadevi Women’s University, Vijayapura
(India
1.
Introduction:
Education is the
systematic process of leadings, training and guiding students to acquire
knowledge, skill and understanding through practical. The positive
externalities of education make it a public good, and therefore it needs to be
supplied by the State as markets cannot provide it to the socially optimal
levels. The human development paradigm recognizes the role of education in the
expansion of choices for wellbeing, security and comfort. Therefore, the right
to education is recognized as one of the fundamental human rights and, the
drive towards universal elementary education aims at ensuring its delivery.
Karnataka State is a fast growing economy and this growth is largely based on
the knowledge base of the society. The State has embarked on significant
reforms in the education sector with increased public investment to ensure
access, equity and quality in education, with community involvement.
Primary education or
elementary education often in primary schools. Primary education is the first
step or stage of compulsory education, coming between early childhood education
and secondary education. Govt. of Karnataka spending more expenditure on
primary education. Expenditure budget shows the revenue and capital
disbursements of various ministries/department and presents the estimates in
respect of each under plan and non-plan. Total expenditure on primary education
507030.96 lakh in 2010-11 and 984342.00 lakh in the year 2016-17.
2.
Objectives of the Study:
The present paper is designed with
the following important objectives.
1. To
study the brief educational profile of Karnataka State
2. To
analyze the Karnataka State Government expenditure on primary education.
3. To
explain the present status of government expenditure on primary education.
4.
To suggest the policy implication for the
development of primary education.
3.
Research Methodology:
The
present paper primarily based on secondary data sources. Secondary data have
been collected from various sources like DIET–Reports, Censes Reports,
Analytical Reports of the Government of Karnataka, Research journal, Text
books, Websites ect.
4. Brief Educational Profile of
Karnataka State:
The
State of Karnataka, the growth of literacy during 2001–2011 decade shows that
Karnataka has achieved significant progress. The literacy rate in the State
during 2001 was 66.64 per cent, which increased to 75.60 per cent in 2011. The
present literacy rate of Karnataka is 75.60 percentages with 82.47 percent of
males and 68.13 percent of females are being literate. In Karnataka education
is considerable progress in literacy rate from 66.64 percent in 2001 to almost
75.60 percent in 2011.
5. Analyze the Government Expenditure
on Primary Education in Karnataka:
The
conditions of primary schools have improved during the recent years. However,
some of the government or semi-government controlled primary schools are locate
in the far interior corners of the districts. Government of Karnataka allocates
more funds towards the primary education.
5.1. Primary Schools in Karnataka:
Article 21 A of the Constitution of
India and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Elementary Education
(RTE) Act 2009 became operative in April 2010. The State Rules under the RTE
Act were notified in 2011. These developments have thrown open fresh opportunities
for quality schooling for children.
Table
No.1: No. of Primary Schools in Karnataka
Type of Schools
|
Year
|
||
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
|
Lower Primary Schools
|
25950
|
26058
|
26292
|
Higher Primary Schools
|
34086
|
34427
|
34590
|
Total
|
60036
|
60485
|
60882
|
Source: DISE 2014-15.
Table No.1 makes it clear that during 2014-15, there were 60882 elementary schools in
the State, of which 26292 were LPS and 34590 were HPS. In 2012-13,
the State had 25950 lower primary, and 34086 higher primary schools.
The number of HPS increased between 2012-13 and 2014-15.
5.2.
Plan and Non-Plan Budget Expenditure on Primary Education in Karnataka:
There are two components of expenditure
i.e., Plan and Non-Plan expenditure. Plan expenditure means estimated after
discussion between each of the ministries concerned and the planning
commission. Non-Plan revenue expenditure is accounted for by interest payments,
subsidies, wage and salary payments to Government employees, grants to States
and UTs, pensions, police, economic services in various sectors, other general
service such as tax collection, social services and grants to foreign
Governments
.
Table No. 2: Plan
and Non-Plan Budgeted Expenditure on Primary Education
(Rs. in Lakhs)
Sl. No.
|
Year
|
Expenditure
|
||
Plan
|
Non-Plan
|
Total
|
||
1
|
2010-11
|
90041.24
|
416989.72
|
507030.96
|
2
|
2011-12
|
92553.16
|
460306.86
|
552860.02
|
3
|
2012-13
|
271129.35
|
570465.04
|
841594.39
|
4
|
2013-14
|
336262.15
|
605531.84
|
941793.99
|
5
|
2014-15
|
376269.57
|
681147.49
|
1057417.06
|
6
|
2015-16
|
296042.00
|
652114.00
|
948156.00
|
7
|
2016-17
|
412212.00
|
572130.00
|
984342.00
|
Source:
DISE Report 2010-11 to 2016-17.
Table No.2 shows that Plan and
Non-Plan expenditure on primary education increased; amounted to Rs. 507030.96
lakh, comprising Rs.90041.24 lakh for Plan and Rs. 416986.72 lakh for Non-Plan in
2010-11; total expenditure on primary education Rs.9417493.39 lakh, comprising
Rs. 336262.15 lakh for Plan and Rs.
605531.84 lakh for Non-Plan in 2013-14 and total expenditure on primary
education Rs.984342.00 lakh, comprising Rs.412212.00 lakh for Plan and Rs.
572130.00 lakh for Non-Plan in 2016-17.
5.3.
Budgeted Expenditure on Primary Education (Revenue and Capital Account):
The budget expenditure has been
broadly divided into two type’s viz. 1) Revenue Expenditure 2) Capital Expenditure. Revenue
expenditure is an expense made for operating day to day activities between of
the business. Capital expenditure is an expense made to acquire an asset or
improve the capacity of the asset.
Figure No. 1: Budgeted
Expenditure on Primary Education
(Rs. in
Crores)
The Figure No.1 reveals that revenue expenditure is more than capital
expenditure and also revenue and capital expenditure increased during the
period 2013-14 to 2015-16.
5.4.
Allocation for the Budgeted on Education:
Budget allocation is an important
part of all business and not-for-profit financial plans. Budget allocation is
integral components to an annual financial plan or budget of all organizations.
A budget is a financial plan used to estimate revenues and expenditure for a
specific period of time. It is a management and planning tool not just an
accounting document. It assists in the allocation of resources. A budget
allocation is the amount of funding designated to each expenditure line.
Figure No.2:
Allocation for the Budgeted on Education
(Rs. in Lakhs)
From the above Figure No.2 it is clears that the budget allocation on
education in various years is not satisfactory. The chart showing that in three
years i.e. 2013, 2014, 2015, non plan allocation is higher than the plan
allocation for the development of education in India.
Table No.3:
Physical and Financial Progress Achieved under various Important
Programmes
for Primary Education (Rs. in lakhs)
Details
|
Year
|
|||||
2012-13
|
2013-14
|
2014-15
|
||||
Financial
|
Physical
|
Financial
|
Physical
|
Financial
|
Physical
|
|
Supply of Free
Uniforms
(
1 to 10th std)
|
8000.00
|
54.54 lakh
children
|
8276.00
|
53.88 lakh
children
|
8943.00
|
51.9588 lakh
children
|
Distribution of
School Bags
( 1 to 5) and
Note Books (1 to 10th) to SC/ST
children
|
800.00
|
18.03 lakh
children
|
350.00 (Only
Note Books)
|
3.82 lakh
children
|
704.00
|
11.36 lakh
children
|
Centrally
assisted Midday
Meal Programme
(Hot cooked
Meal- 1to 10th std)
|
94071.45
|
64.20 lakh children
|
134044.39
|
61.40 lakh
children
|
153364.70
|
61.41 lakh
children
|
Reimbursement of
Non- Govt. Fees for SC/ST Boys and all Girls (6th to 7th Std.)
|
440.00
|
334537 children
|
250.00
|
3.20 lakh
children
|
200.00
|
3.68 lakh
children
|
Free Text Books
to
Primary School
Children (1 to 10th Std.)
|
8000.00
|
77.76 lakh
children
|
9450.00
|
66.36 lakh children
|
12650.00
|
71.99 lakh
children
|
Primary School
Building
Construction
& Repairs
(Non-Plan)
|
2042.56
|
34 Districts 204
Blocks
|
1709.23
|
34 Districts
204ks Bloc
|
1148.80
|
34 Districts
|
Pancha Soulabhya
construction of toilets Along with water supply. Maintenance of toilets and drinking
water from 2011-12 onwards.
|
1025.00
|
34 Districts
49555 Schools
|
706.66
|
34 Districts
|
400.00
|
34 District
|
Source: Director of Primary
Education, Deputy Director (Planning) – 2012-13 to 2014-15.
6. Government Expenditure on Primary
Education Programmes during 2015-16:
6
.1. Inspection Primary:
As
a part of strengthening of school inspection system, jeeps were being provided
to Block Educational Officers in a phased manner. 204 Jeeps and Drivers were
provided to Block Educational Officers. Since 2006-07, The salaries of 3 jeep
drivers continued under state plan in Block Educational Offices and salaries of
7 created posts of BEO's and Office Managers is transferred to Zilla Panchayat
Sector. Under the State Sector Rs.90.00 lakhs budget provided for this purpose.
Out of this Budget Rs.67.66 lakhs budget provided for the purpose of purchasing
computer stationery Hardware & Furniture to the DDPI's and B.E.O's Office
and Rs 22.34 Lakhs to provide printing of Primary school educational
margadarshi.
6.2.
Construction and Repairs of Class Rooms to Govt. Primary Schools:
During
2015-16 under the state Sector (Non-Plan) Rs.2382.00 lakhs of Budget is
provided for Primary/Secondary Schools Maintenance and repairs. Out of this
budget allocation 50% of the budget i.e., Rs.1191.00 lakhs will be released for
Primary Schools and other 50% of the budget Rs.1191.00 lakhs will be released
for Secondary Schools maintenance and repairs and also for construction of
additional classrooms.
6.3.
Distribution of Free Uniforms and Shoes:
During
2015-16, one set of Uniform and shoes will be provided to all children from 1st
standard to 10th standard studying in Government Primary / High Schools. For
the implementation of this scheme Rs.8900.00+12200.00=21100.00 Lakhs of Budget
is allocated.
6.4.
Distribution of School Bags and Note Books:
In
order to reduce the dropout rate of SC/ST Boys & Girls in Government
Primary Schools, good quality school bags given to those who are studying in
1,3,5,7th std in Government Primary Schools. Note books will be
supplied to each SC/ST Children those who are studying in 1, 2, 4 and 6 Std.
During 2015-16 Rs.1521.00 lakhs of Budget is provided for this purpose under
State sector scheme. The price of one school bag is Rs.200.00 and the price of
one note book is Rs.18.00.
6.5.
Universalization of Primary Education:
To achieve the Universalization
of Elementary Education goals, the following programmes are being
implemented during 2015-16. Rs.992.00 lakhs of Budget is provided for
this purpose under the state plan. This Budget is distributed for the implementation
of the following Programmes as follows:
Ø Rs.
4.00 lakhs have been provided for the Office Maintenance for the central office
of Mid-day meals.
Ø Provision
of Rs 24.00 lakhs have been made for improvement of educational activities of
Urdu & other linguistic Minorities Directorate and for Office Automation,
Ø Rs.477.00lakhs
has been provided for conducting Pratibha Karanji Programme.
Ø Rs.100.00
lakhs have been provided to conduct Taluk, District & State Level Games and
to purchase Sports materials and to provide play ground facility, To conduct
Tours for sportsman, To construct Physical Education Hostel Building and to Educate
regarding Yoga.
Ø Rs.13.00
lakhs have been provided for J.D.MMS Office Manager Salary, Medical expenses. Rs.100.00
lakhs have been provided for E-Governance to purchase of required Computer
Hardware, Software and to purchase Computer and accessories for the office of
CPI and DDPI's offices and also for maintenance of computer supplied to DDPI
and BEO offices.
Ø Rs.175.00
lakhs have been allocated to give advertisement regarding Educational
Activities through Medias like T.V., Radio, Newspaper and printing of Shikshana
varte and Wall posters. Rs.89.00 lakhs have been allocated to give computers
for 3 children of each districts of the State who scores highest marks in
March-2015 S.S.L.C Public Examination. Rs.10.00 Lakhs have been allocated for
10 outstanding performers of the state level in the field of Science, Sports
and Craft.
6.6.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan:
Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan is a joint effort by Central Government / State Government and local
bodies to achieve the Universalization of Elementary education. During 2015-16
Rs. 2512.00 lakhs have been provided being the State share for implementing the
scheme. Out of this budget Rs.2237.00 lakhs for SSA and Rs.275.00 for EQMC
programme.
6.7. Pancha Soulabhya:
During
the year 2015-16 Rs.400.00 Lakhs of Budget have been allocated to this Programme.
This grant is used for maintained of Toilets and Drinking water of Primary and
High schools of the state through SDMC.
6.8. Cluster Complex in 39 Backward Taluks:
Under
this programme Rs.800.00 lakhs of Budget have been provided for the year
2015-16 State Sector & to meet previous year’s deficit.
7. Suggestion:
Primary Education is a very important to everyone
and without education nothing is there in the life. From the above analysis it
is clear that in the year 2013-14 to 2015-16 budgets, primary education got a
fair deal as far the allocation of funds is concerned. Government should increasing
the number of primary schools and Govt. should
try to spend more budget expenditure on primary education in Karnataka State than bringing quality of
education.
8. Conclusion:
Primary education is most important sector in other
sectors government should concentrate more on primary educational expenditure. The
allocated funds should be utilized with better planning and effective
strategies aimed at achieving Universalization of primary education.
References:
Ø Naresh
K. V (2016). Government Expenditure
Regarding Education, Excel Publication, Delhi.
Ø Reddy G. S (2007). Current Issues in Education, Neelkamal Publication, Hyderabad.
Ø Sreeramulu
Gooru (2004). Planning and Expenditure on
Education, Kalpaz Publication, Delhi.
Ø DISE
Report 2010-11 to 2016-17.
Ø Director of Primary Education, Deputy Director
(Planning) – 2012-13 to 2014-15.
